Cancer therapies have several clinical challenges associated with them, namely treatment
toxicity, treatment resistance and relapse. Due to factors ranging from patient profiles to the …

Decades of efforts in engineering in vitro cancer models have advanced drug discovery and
the insight into cancer biology. However, the establishment of preclinical models that enable …

Over the past six decades the inflation-adjusted cost to bring a new drug to market has been
increasing constantly and doubles every 9 years–now reaching in excess of $2.5 billion …

Organoids are in vitro self-assembling, organ-like, three-dimensional cellular structures that
stably retain key characteristics of the respective organs. Organoids can be generated from …

Bridging the gap between findings in preclinical 2D cell culture models and in vivo tissue
cultures has been challenging; the simple microenvironment of 2D monolayer culture …

The development of vascular networks in microfluidic chips is crucial for the long-term
culture of three-dimensional cell aggregates such as spheroids, organoids, tumoroids, or …

The recent advances in in vitro 3D culture technologies, such as organoids, have opened
new avenues for the development of novel, more physiological human cancer models. Such …

Conspectus Infectious diseases present tremendous challenges to human progress and
public health. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS …

Simple Summary Cell cultures can be carried out in three dimensions (3D). Organoids and
spheroids are different 3D cell culture models that can be cultured with different techniques …

Tumor evolution is the accumulation of various tumor cell behaviors from tumorigenesis to
tumor metastasis and is regulated by the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the …