In the first hundred years of the history of immunology, the question of species and specificity
were the core problems of research and practice in immunology. The old botanical dispute …

Those present at the" birth" of modern immunology never expected their creation to live long-
but they were sure that its brief life would be immensely productive. In 1957, Macfarlane …

The definition of immunology as the science of the immune system that emerged in the
1960s provides a sound basis for both reconstructing its past and constructing its future. The …

The Tenth International Congress of Medicine opened in Berlin at 11: 00 am on August 4,
1890, in the Circus Renz, the only hall large enough to hold the 7,000 participants. Rudolph …

Abstract During the period of 1895–1910, immunology was preoccupied with defining the
cellular (Elie Metchnikoff's phagocytosis theory) as opposed to the humoral basis of …

The classical view of scientific progress, following the lead of philosopher Karl Popper (I)
and of sociologist Robert Merton (2), was one of a smooth, progressive evolution toward the …

Obviously, any analysis of an evolving science must be multidimensional and include at
least three prominent axes of inquiry: that defining the contentobject of investigation, that …

Immunology came of age with the selective principles of antibody formation (Jerne 1955)
and the clonal selection theory (Burnett 1957). The theory was clear and amenable to direct …

This essay is a highly personalized account of some of the important conceptual
contributions to immunology. I have asked myself,“What were the ideas that caught my …

In a major address to the congress of the British Medical Association in 1896, Lord Lister
suggested that if ever there had been a romantic chapter in the history of pathology, it was …