Rationale The role of negative affect as a motivational factor in animal models of drug
addiction has been underexplored in the context of cocaine self-administration. Objectives …

Rationale The motivational impetuses underlying self-administration of cocaine and other
drugs of abuse are not fully understood. One emerging factor is affect. Both positive and …

Ultrasonic vocalizations in the 50 kHz range (50 kHz USVs) are emitted by rodents upon
activation of positive affective states and appear to be a direct measure of internal emotional …

Rationale Preclinical models of cocaine addiction in the rodent have shown that cocaine
induces both positive and negative affective states. These observations have led to the …

Drug addiction is thought to be driven by negative reinforcement, and it is thought that a shift
from positive affect upon initial exposure to negative affect after chronic exposure to a drug is …

Numerous clinical studies have indicated that lifetime anxiety is highly prevalent in drug
addicts. In the treatment of drug abuse, dually diagnosed drug addicts may benefit from …

The motivation to seek cocaine comes in part from a dysregulation of reward processing
manifested in dysphoria, or affective withdrawal. Learning is a critical aspect of drug abuse; …

Rationale Clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that the setting of drug use affects drug
reward in a substance-specific manner. Heroin and cocaine co-abusers, for example …

The role of emotional distress in drug-seeking and abuse behavior has been frequently
reported in both humans and nonhuman animals. The self-medication hypothesis (stating …

Studies using either continuous or intermittent access cocaine self-administration
procedures showed that cocaine seeking increases during abstinence (incubation of …