Several cancers are highly refractory to conventional chemotherapy. The survival of tumors
in several cases is assisted by checkpoint immunomodulation to maintain the imbalance …

Immune checkpoint proteins including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-
L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA‐4) are involved in proliferation …

Background & Aims Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on antigen-
presenting cells is essential for T cell impairment, and PD-L1-expressing macrophages may …

Reinvigorating the killing function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells through the targeting of
regulatory molecules expressed on lymphocytes has markedly improved the prognosis of …

Although immunotherapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors (IRs) CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-
L1 have made substantial clinical progress in cancer, a considerable proportion of patients …

The past few years have witnessed exciting progress in the application of immune check-
point blockade (ICB) for the treatment of various human cancers. ICB was first used against …

Inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are known to drive tumorigenesis
by decoupling proliferation and survival from tight regulatory mechanisms. In a recent study …

Since the clear demonstration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)'s pathological roles in cancer
in the mid-1990s, more than 1000 papers relating LPA to various types of cancer were …

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) mediates a plethora of
physiological and pathological activities via interactions with a series of high affinity G …

Immune checkpoint-blockade treatments targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have revolutionized cancer
therapy. Hence, understanding the regulation of PD-L1 expression has major clinical …