BACKGROUND: Ketamine is one of the oldest hypnotic agents used to provide an
anesthetic agent with analgesic properties and minimal suppressive effects on respiration …

Objective: In the context of the current opioid epidemic, there has been a renewed interest in
the use of ketamine as an analgesic agent. Methods: We reviewed ketamine analgesia …

Over the past 50 years, ketamine has solidified its position in both human and veterinary
medicine as an important anesthetic with many uses. More recently, ketamine has been …

Ketamine was introduced into clinical practice in the 1960s and continues to be both
clinically useful and scientifically fascinating. With considerably diverse molecular targets …

Highlights•Ketamine is an established dissociative anesthetic.•Ketamine's primary action
involves inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.•Ketamine also modulates …

Since ketamine was approved by the FDA as an intravenous anesthetic, it has been in
clinical use for more than 50 years. Apart from its anesthetic effects, ketamine is one of the …

Ketamine, a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, is used widely in medicine as an
anesthetic agent. However, ketamine's mechanisms of action lead to widespread …

Ketamine, a versatile anesthetic agent with a complex pharmacological profile, has been
utilized in clinical practice for decades3. This review examines the diverse mechanisms of …

Ketamine is an anaesthetic drug with unique properties. Discovered in the 1960s, it is known
to produce a dissociative state with sedation, amnesia, and analgesia. It has relatively less …

Abstract Purpose of Review While ketamine's analgesia has mostly been attributed to
antagonism of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, evidence suggests multiple other pathways …