Three-dimensional cancer organoids derived from self-organizing cancer stems are ex vivo
miniatures of tumors that faithfully recapitulate their structure, distinctive cancer features, and …

Organoid models have revolutionized cancer research through their ability to capture the
cellular heterogeneity and spatial organization of a tumor in 3D culture. Patient-derived …

In the past decade, treatments targeting the immune system have revolutionized the cancer
treatment field. Therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved as first …

Cancer immunotherapy is exploited for the treatment of disease by modulating the immune
system. Since the conventional in vivo animal and 2D in vitro models insufficiently …

Cancer is a top-ranked life-threatening disease with intratumor heterogeneity. Tumor
heterogeneity is associated with metastasis, relapse, and therapy resistance. These factors …

During the past decade, the three-dimensional organoid technology has sprung up and
become more and more popular among researchers. Organoids are the miniatures of in vivo …

Cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly govern cancer
progression and drug response. The efficacy of clinical immunotherapies has fostered an …

Cancer heterogeneity is regarded as the main reason for the failure of conventional cancer
therapy. The ability to reconstruct intra-and interpatient heterogeneity in cancer models is …

Cancer harbors variable heterogeneity and plasticity. Thus far, our comprehension is greatly
based on cell lines, organoids, and patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs). Organoids …

Patient‐derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used
as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell …