The innate and adaptive branches of the immune system display changes with aging, a fact
referred to as immunosenescence. Furthermore, it has been established that adaptive …

The functional capacity of the immune system gradually declines with age. T lymphocytes
are more severely affected than B cells or antigen-presenting cells. This is mainly due to the …

Advancing age is accompanied by changes in immune potential, frequently characterized as
declines in the capacity to mount effective cell-mediated or humoral immune responses …

Age is an important risk for autoimmunity, and many autoimmune diseases preferentially
occur in the second half of adulthood when immune competence has declined and thymic T …

THE DEFENSE SYSTEM for combatting infectious agents in mammals is composed of the
innate and the acquired immune systems. Macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer …

The T cell compartment undergoes characteristic changes with age, which contribute to
increased incidence and severity of infections and reduced immunogenicity and efficacy of …

Cellular immune responses decrease with aging. Lymphocytes of aged individuals do not
perform as well as cells from young subjects in a number of in vitro assays including cell …

Numerous changes occur in the immune system with advancing age, probably contributing
to the decreased immunoresponsiveness in the elderly. These changes are often associated …

Decreased immune responsiveness associated with aging is generally termed
“immunosenescence”. Several theories have been proposed to explain age-related declines …

Deterioration of the immune system with aging (" immunosenescence") is believed to
contribute to morbidity and mortality in man due to the greater incidence of infection, as well …