Currently, atherosclerosis, which affects the vascular bed of all vital organs and tissues, is
considered as a leading cause of death. Most commonly, atherosclerosis involves coronary …

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, eg H 2 O 2, nitric oxide) confer redox
regulation of essential cellular signaling pathways such as cell differentiation, proliferation …

Oxidative stress has been defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and
more recently as a disruption of redox signaling and control. It is generally accepted that …

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the enhancement of oxidation and the decreased of related
antioxidant enzymes activity under pathological conditions, resulting in relatively excess …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases
including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and diabetes …

Oxidative stress is a key feature in vascular homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
are produced by multiple enzymatic sources located in various anatomical structures of the …

Arteriosclerosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Central to this process
is the development of subclinical non-atherosclerotic intimal lesions before the appearance …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major cause of mortality in the world, has been extensively
studied over the past decade. However, the exact mechanism underlying its pathogenesis …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading
cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen …

ROS are a group of small reactive molecules that play critical roles in the regulation of
various cell functions and biological processes. In the vascular system, physiological levels …