Prey incorporate information about risk, safety, and the reliability of both of these cues when
assessing risk of predation. Here, we report results of an experiment testing avoidance of …

Behavioral responses to alarm cues in aquatic species are typically examined with
emphasis on the potential survival benefits accrued by conspecific receivers. By contrast …

Boldness is the propensity of an animal to engage in risky behavior. Many variations of
novel-object or novel-environment tests have been used to quantify the boldness of animals …

Resource use is widely thought to influence adaptive phenotypic divergence, whereas other
ecological factors, such as predation, are frequently overlooked, particularly in studies of …

Behavioral syndromes often have individuals varying along a continuum of personality traits.
Some individuals exhibit bold or aggressive behaviors and are willing to explore novel …

Personality describes the consistent, individual differences in the behaviour we observe
among human and non-human models alike. One of the components of human and animal …

The shy–bold continuum is both a fundamental aspect of human behavior and a relatively
stable behavioral trait for many other species. Here we assessed whether shy individuals …

Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) are
often sympatric, occupy similar microhabitats, and share common predators. Therefore …

The theory of animal personality focuses on quantifying variation in behavior within and
among individual organisms and attempts to account for the maintenance of differences in …

To showcase the importance of genotype× environment interactions and the presence of
predation risk in the experimental assessment of boldness in fish, we investigated boldness …