Prey animals may mediate the intensity of their behavioural responses to predators to reflect
their risk of predation. However, in the absence of an overt (observable) behavioural …

Animals use chemical cues to find food, locate mates, and detect potential predators.
Detecting cues in a risky environment can induce behavioral changes to increase survival …

Most antipredator strategies increase survival of individuals by signaling to predators, by
reducing the chances of being recognized as prey, or by bewildering a predator's …

The behaviour of animals towards their mirror image (“mirror test”) is routinely used as a
proxy to measure aggression levels, especially in fish. The lack of evidence for visual self …

The threat-sensitive predator avoidance model predicts that prey should balance the
intensity of antipredator responses against perceived predation risk, resulting in a graded …

Studies of sunfish Lepomis spp. have demonstrated that predation regulates size‐specific
habitat use and competitive interactions both within and among species. However, all of …

The boldness of individual Brachyrhaphis episcopi, collected from regions of high and low
predation, was investigated using two independent assays:(1) the time to emerge from cover …

In a system with multiple predators, the threat‐sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis
predicts that prey respond differently to predators relative to the risks each poses (eg …

In recent years, considerable research interest in behavioral ecology has focused on
characterizing and understanding individual differences in behavior that are consistent over …

Boldness is a key element of behavioral variation in animals. Many studies have shown
variation between individuals in their propensity to take risks across a wide range of taxa, yet …