Purpose To characterize the histological changes that occur in response to induction of
ischemic or mechanical optic nerve damage in transgenic mice. Methods Either optic nerve …

Purpose To critically review the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy. Design A
perspective of clinical and basic science studies related to traumatic optic neuropathy and its …

A host of different types of direct and indirect, primary and secondary injuries can affect
different portions of the optic nerve (s). Thus, in the setting of penetrating as well as …

Purpose To review the literature on the efficacy and safety of medical and surgical
interventions for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), defined as injury to the nerve that …

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is characterized by visual dysfunction after indirect or
direct injury to the optic nerve following blunt head trauma. TON is associated with increased …

Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (ITON) is an injury to the optic nerve due to head trauma
and usually results in partial or complete loss of vision. In order to advance a mechanistic …

A diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is typically based on patient medical history, a
clinical examination, and imaging tests. Elevated plasma levels of glial fibrillary acidic …

TON may lead to profound visual disability. Because of the absence of Class I evidence
relating to treatment of TON, a lack of consensus exists among clinicians regarding the …

Background To analyze the morphologic and functional change in traumatic optic
neuropathy (TON) divided by the mechanism of optic nerve injury. Methods A retrospective …

Optic nerve crush injury is a useful model for studying the response of central nervous
system neurons (CNS) to injury. A particular focus of this model has been to elucidate …