Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The …

Accumulating evidence suggests the key role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of the
tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Despite extensive research …

Neuropathic pain caused by a primary injury or dysfunction in the peripheral or central
nervous system is a tremendous therapeutic challenge. Here, we have collected the first …

Abstract Treatment-resistant depression affects up to 20% of individuals suffering from major
depressive disorder (MDD). The medications currently available to treat depression …

Despite the identification of molecular mechanisms associated with pain persistence, no
significant therapeutic improvements have been made. Advances in the understanding of …

The pathogenesis of chronic pain entails a series of complex interactions among the
nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. Defined as pain lasting or recurring for more than …

The kynurenine pathway (KP), which is activated in times of stress and infection has been
implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Activation …

The tryptophan–kynurenine pathway (Trp–KYN) is the major route for tryptophan conversion
in the brain and in the periphery. Kynurenines display a wide range of biological actions …

Neuropathic pain is a common complication of diabetes with high morbidity and poor
treatment outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests the immune system is involved in the …

Kynurenine pathway is gaining more and more attention every day in biomedical research
since this catabolic route for tryptophan decomposition is not only implicated in different …