DISCUSSION Blood flow in the body is generally modeled by Poiseuille's Law, which
describes laminar flow through a hollow tube. Because of the structure of trabecular bone …

Background Intraosseous (IO) access is used by military first responders administering
fluids, blood, and medications. Current IO transfusion strategies include gravity, pressure …

Introduction Intraosseous (IO) administration of medications and blood products is accepted
practice in major trauma when intravenous access is not immediately available. However …

An intraosseous infusion device designed for the prehospital administration of hypertonic
saline-dextran solutions was evaluated by resuscitating hemorrhaged conscious sheep …

Background Current guidelines support intraosseous access for trauma resuscitation when
intravenous access is not readily available. However, safety of intraosseous blood …

Purpose Intraosseous (IO) catheters continue to be recommended in trauma resuscitation.
Their utility has recently been debated due to concerns regarding inadequate flow rates …

BACKGROUND Intraosseous (IO) vascular access is increasingly used as an emergency
tool for achieving access to the systemic circulation in critically ill patients. The role of IO …

Objective: The effectiveness of the intraosseous (IO) route for fluid resuscitation remains
uncertain. This study compares IO infusion rates and estimated volume expansion using …

Peripheral venous access can often be difficult to obtain in infants and young children.
Landmark articles in the 1940s showed that the intraosseous (IO) route was a viable one for …

DISCUSSION Intraosseous infusion was first described by Drinker et al. 1 in 1922. It became
popular in the United States in the early 1940s, 2 but fell from favor with the advent of …