Toll-like receptor 2 ligands on the staphylococcal cell wall downregulate superantigen-induced T cell activation and prevent toxic shock syndrome

TA Chau, ML McCully, W Brintnell, G An, KJ Kasper… - Nature medicine, 2009 - nature.com
Staphylococcal superantigens are pyrogenic exotoxins that cause massive T cell activation
leading to toxic shock syndrome and death. Despite the strong adaptive immune response …

[HTML][HTML] Staphylococcal superantigens: pyrogenic toxins induce toxic shock

T Krakauer - Toxins, 2019 - mdpi.com
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins produced by
Staphylococcus aureus are potent activators of the immune system. These protein toxins …

Immune response to staphylococcal superantigens

T Krakauer - Immunologic research, 1999 - Springer
Staphylococcal exotoxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins AE (SEA-SEE), and toxic shock
syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) are potent activators of the immune system and cause a variety …

Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt immunity

M Llewelyn, J Cohen - The Lancet infectious diseases, 2002 - thelancet.com
Microbial Superantigens are a family of protein exotoxins that share the ability to trigger
excessive and aberrant activation of T cells. The best characterised are the staphylococcal …

Neutralization of staphylococcal enterotoxin B by soluble, high-affinity receptor antagonists

RA Buonpane, HRO Churchill, B Moza, EJ Sundberg… - Nature medicine, 2007 - nature.com
Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus belong to a family of bacterial proteins that act as
superantigens by activating a large subset of the T-cell population, causing massive release …

[HTML][HTML] Staphylococcal superantigens spark host-mediated danger signals

T Krakauer, K Pradhan, BG Stiles - Frontiers in immunology, 2016 - frontiersin.org
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic
toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a …

Superantigens promote Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection by eliciting pathogenic interferon-gamma production

SW Tuffs, MI Goncheva, SX Xu… - Proceedings of the …, 2022 - National Acad Sciences
Staphylococcus aureus is a foremost bacterial pathogen responsible for a vast array of
human diseases. Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) constitute a family of exotoxins from …

Superantigens Subvert the Neutrophil Response To Promote Abscess Formation and Enhance Staphylococcus aureus Survival In Vivo

SX Xu, KJ Gilmore, PA Szabo, JJ Zeppa… - Infection and …, 2014 - Am Soc Microbiol
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile bacterial pathogen that produces T cell-activating
toxins known as superantigens (SAgs). Although excessive immune activation by SAgs can …

Superantigen antagonist protects against lethal shock and defines a new domain for T-cell activation

G Arad, R Levy, D Hillman, R Kaempfer - Nature medicine, 2000 - nature.com
Superantigens trigger an excessive cellular immune response, leading to toxic shock. We
have designed a peptide antagonist that inhibits superantigen-induced expression of human …

Enhanced susceptibility to superantigen-associated streptococcal sepsis in human leukocyte antigen-DQ transgenic mice

S Sriskandan, M Unnikrishnan, T Krausz… - The Journal of …, 2001 - academic.oup.com
Bacterial superantigens are believed to cause septic shock, although, because of the lack of
superantigen-sensitive infection models, proof that superantigenicity underlies shock …