Blood transfusion is the key to life in case of traumatic emergencies, surgeries and in several
pathological conditions. An important goal of whole blood or red blood cell transfusion is the …

This review article discusses the development and implementation of a number of blood
substitutes, including hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and perfluorocarbons …

The pursuit for blood a substitute has spanned over a century, but a majority of the efforts
have been disappointing. As of today, there is no widely accepted product used as an …

The development of oxygen (O 2)-carrying blood substitutes has evolved from the goal of
replicating blood O 2 transport properties to that of preserving microvascular and organ …

Donor blood is a limited resource and its transfusion is associated with significant adverse
effects. Therefore, alternatives have been searched, the ultimate being artificial oxygen (O2) …

Ischemia or hypoxia can lead to pathological changes in the metabolism and function of
tissues and then lead to various diseases. Timely and effective blood resuscitation or …

Artificial oxygen carriers are not blood substitutes. They serve to carry oxygen to tissues and
are either hemoglobin based or perfluorocarbon based. Driving the development of artificial …

The development of oxygen-carrying blood substitutes has progressed significantly in the
last decade with phase I and phase II clinical trials of both hemoglobin-based and …

Few options are given to the critical care physician to combat tissue hypoxia and its
consequences. Once circulating volume has been restored and the patient has been given …

The expected cost-explosion in transfusion medicine (increasing imbalance between donors
and recipients, treatment of transfusion-associated complications) increases the socio …