Establishing how collective behaviour emerges is central to our understanding of animal
societies. Previous research has highlighted how universal interaction rules shape collective …

Within populations of many species, individuals that are otherwise similar to one another in
age, size or sex can differ markedly in behaviours such as resource use, risk taking and …

Even closely related and ecologically similar cichlid species of Lake Tanganyika exhibit an
impressive diversity of social systems, and therefore these fishes offer an excellent …

Consistent individual variation in behaviour is widespread across taxa and behavioural
categories. Because social behaviour is often a plastic response to the social environment …

Acting submissively may inhibit aggression and facilitate the termination of contests without
further escalation. The need to minimize conflict is vital in highly social species where within …

Boldness refers to the extent to which animals balance risk against benefits when engaging
in such behaviors as foraging, exploration or resource competition. Evidence suggests that …

The ubiquity of consistent inter-individual differences in behavior (" animal personalities")[1,
2] suggests that they might play a fundamental role in driving the movements and …

In this study, pairs of juvenile sticklebacks either familiar with each other or pairs unfamiliar
with each other met to share a food source. The study showed that sticklebacks were less …

Individuals of the same species, sex, age and size may differ in suites of behaviour traits in a
consistent manner across time and may thus represent different personalities. In a …

How different levels of biological organization interact to shape each other's function is a
central question in biology. One particularly important topic in this context is how individuals' …