Pain management after oral surgeries is essential to enhance recovery, reduce negative
outcomes and improve the experience of the patient. Naltrexone (NTX) is a non-selective …

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a type of neuropathic pain characterized by intense pain;
although anticonvulsants are used as an option to relieve pain, adverse side effects can …

There is increasing evidence that the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway contribute
to development of hyperalgesia in the trigeminal system. The aim of the present study was to …

Background The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the mechanisms underlying
tongue-referred pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. Method Using mechanical …

Opioids are broad spectrum analgesics that are an integral part of the therapeutic
armamentarium to combat pain in the clinical practice. Unfortunately, together with …

BACKGROUND: Glutamate homeostasis and microglia activation play an important role in
the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. We designed this investigation to …

Background Oxycodone, which is one of the most commonly used opiates in postoperative
pain management, has a different affinity for μ-opioid receptors (MOR), κ-opioid receptors …

Background This study evaluated the involvement of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) in
orofacial thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by an inflammatory stimulus or by …

Abstract Purpose of Review The tissue damage and trauma associated with surgery almost
always result in acute postoperative pain. The intensity of postoperative pain can range from …

Pain can have a devastating effect on the quality of life of patients in palliative medicine.
Thus far, majority of research has been centered on opioid-based pain management, with a …