Shoaling is an evolved behavior in fishes that has several adaptive advantages, including
allowing individuals to avoid predation through risk dilution. However, factors such as size …

The shy-bold behavioral continuum is an element of animal behavior which is often studied
for its ecological relevance, particularly in the context of predation risk. How individuals …

Prey incorporate information about risk, safety, and the reliability of both of these cues when
assessing risk of predation. Here, we report results of an experiment testing avoidance of …

Chemical and visual sources of information are used by aquatic prey during risk
assessment. Here, we test the behavioral response of littoral prey fish to combinations of …

The structure of social animal groups can be dynamic, characterized by high rates of group
fission and fusion. Despite this, group composition is often well ordered by factors such as …

At early life stages invasive fishes may have no innate or learned behavioral responses to
native predators. However, social cues expressed by shoal mates is one strategy species …

Within aquatic communities, individuals may gain survival benefits by responding to the
chemical alarm signals of heterospecific prey guild members. Piscivorous individuals …

Navigating risk of predation is a major driver of behavioral decision-making in small fishes.
Fish use personal information from olfactory and visual indicators of risk, and also rely upon …

Prey animals often have to face a dynamic tradeoff between the costs of antipredator
behavior and the benefits of other fitness-related activities such as foraging and …

Populations of guppies, Poecilia reticulata and Hart's rivulus, Rivulus harti, in Trinidad
experience different levels of predation hazard from piscivorous fish. Those from the larger …