Personalized cancer therapy applies specific treatments to each patient. Using personalized
tumor models with similar characteristics to the original tumors may result in more accurate …

Drug screening—ie, testing the effects of a number of drugs in multiple cell lines—is used for
drug discovery and development, and can also be performed to evaluate the heterogeneity …

Patient‐derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used
as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell …

Introduction: Despite the increasing financial outlay on cancer research and drug discovery,
many advanced cancers remain incurable. One possible strategy for increasing the approval …

New cancer drug approval rates are≤ 5% despite significant investments in cancer
research, drug discovery and development. One strategy to improve the rate of success of …

Innumerable studies associated with cellular differentiation, tissue response and disease
modeling have been conducted in two-dimensional (2D) culture systems or animal models …

Cancer immunotherapy is exploited for the treatment of disease by modulating the immune
system. Since the conventional in vivo animal and 2D in vitro models insufficiently …

Tumors are three-dimensional tissues where close contacts between cancer cells,
intercellular interactions between cancer and stromal cells, adhesion of cancer cells to the …

Cancer is a complex disease in which both genetic defects and microenvironmental
components contribute to the development, progression, and metastasization of disease …

Simple Summary Organoids, also known as self-organized 3D organ-like clusters, represent
almost a physiological system for studying cells, stem cells, tissues, and diseases, especially …