Braak's hypothesis has been extremely influential over the last two decades. However,
neuropathological and clinical evidence suggest that the model does not conform to all …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal, intraneuronal α-
synuclein aggregates, which may propagate from cell-to-cell in a prion-like manner …

Parkinson disease (PD) is no longer considered a complex motor disorder characterized by
parkinsonism but rather a systemic disease with variegated non-motor deficits and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder, which probably consists of
multiple subtypes. Aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein and propagation of these …

In Parkinson disease (PD), pathological processes and neurodegeneration begin long
before the cardinal motor symptoms develop and enable clinical diagnosis. In this prodromal …

The dual-hit hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) originally postulated that a neurotropic
pathogen leads to formation of α-synuclein pathology in the olfactory bulb (OB) and dorsal …

Braak et al. proposed that cases with Lewy pathology in the peripheral nervous sytem,
spinal cord and brain stem are prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting a …

The ultimate origin of Lewy body disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), is still incompletely understood. Although a large number …

Background: We have hypothesized that Parkinson's disease (PD) comprises two subtypes.
Brain-first, where pathogenic α-synuclein initially forms unilaterally in one hemisphere …

For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …