The role of microglia and their contribution to the development and maintenance of pain
states has emerged as an attractive field of study. Sensitization of central nociceptors and …

Microglia are the resident immune cells in the CNS, which survey the brain parenchyma for
pathogens, initiate inflammatory responses, secrete inflammatory mediators, and phagocyte …

Glia have emerged as key contributors to pathological and chronic pain mechanisms. On
activation, both astrocytes and microglia respond to and release a number of signalling …

Intractable neuropathic pain is a frequent consequence of nerve injury or disease. When
peripheral nerves are injured, damaged axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Schwann …

Chronic pain secondary to neuronal injury is actively and continuously modulated at multiple
locations along the sensory neuraxis. Here, we describe how nociceptive neurons of the …

Microglia are increasingly recognized as critical in the pathogenesis of pain hypersensitivity
caused by injury to peripheral nerves. The core signalling pathway is through P2X4 …

Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). Any insult to
the CNS homeostasis will induce a rapid change in microglia morphology, gene expression …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that mediate innate
immune responses to stimuli from pathogens or endogenous signals. Under various …

Chronic pain often occurs in the elderly, particularly in the patients with neurodegenerative
disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although studies indicate that chronic pain …

Microglia and peripheral monocytes contribute to hypersensitivity in rodent models of
neuropathic pain. However, the precise respective function of microglia and peripheral …