Closed-loop brain stimulation is one of the few treatments available for patients who are
ineligible for traditional surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone, due to having …

Introduction: Epilepsy affects more than 1% of the US population, and over 30% of adults
with epilepsy do not respond to antiseizure medications without life-impacting medication …

Drug-resistant epilepsy, characterized by ongoing seizures despite appropriate trials of anti-
seizure medications, affects approximately one-third of people with epilepsy. Brain …

In patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, electrical stimulation of the brain in response to
epileptiform activity can make seizures less frequent and debilitating. This therapy, known as …

The RNS® System is the first commercially available device to provide closed-loop
responsive brain stimulation. The system includes a cranially implanted neurostimulator that …

Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is an effective therapy for people with drug-resistant
focal epilepsy. In clinical trials, RNS therapy results in a meaningful reduction in median …

Electrical stimulation is emerging as a viable alternative for patients with epilepsy whose
seizures are not alleviated by drugs or surgery. Its attractions are temporal and spatial …

Importance A bidirectional brain-computer interface that performs neurostimulation has been
shown to improve seizure control in patients with refractory epilepsy, but the therapeutic …

Open-loop stimulation studies have shown varying control of seizures with stimulation of
different anatomical targets. A recent multi-institutional clinical study utilizing an external …

Closed-loop brain stimulation is increasingly used in level 4 epilepsy centers without an
understanding of how the device behaves on a daily basis. This lack of insight is a barrier to …