… The incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in … perfringens
type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type … perfringens virulence factors …

… ’s potential to secrete multiple extracellular toxins, including alpha-toxin (CPA, cpa/plc gene),
… perfringens and associated with avian necrotic enteritis (Figure 3), recognises cholesterol-…

… The alpha toxin is often considered to be the main virulence factor. … perfringens type C,
which has been reported as being the etiological agent of NE in broilers (23,27) was not detected …

… model and virulence was restored when a functional netB gene … is an essential virulence
factor, at least in one avian isolate. … TpeL toxin is not essential for necrotic enteritis in chickens. …

… perfringens was both a major virulence factor and an important immunogen 1,4,24,20. …
and that the conformational epitopes of alpha-toxin may play a crucial role in NE immunity …

… Adhesin is an important virulence factor in broiler-linked NE [14, 18], and in this study we
found that adhesin genes (at least one variant) were overall enriched (P < 0.0001) in NE-linked …

… The NetB toxin, encoded by netB, was shown to be an important virulence factor through
several experimental challenge studies and epidemiological surveys [12,24,25]. However, a …

… This section will briefly introduce the proven or potential virulence factors of C. perfringens.
The … Isolation of tpeL-positive type G strains from chickens with necrotic enteritis has led to …

… Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens, which may be clinical or subclinical
form, is an important … Immunization of broiler chickens with recombinant alpha-toxin protein …

… virulent in a chicken necrotic enteritis disease model [22]. This result led us to postulate that
virulent necrotic enteritis … shown to be an important virulence factor of methicillin-resistant S. …