… all the lumbar discs simply by a uniform muscle activation of … between the anterior and
posterior borders of the disc in the … most rostral lumbar levels with a continuous decline caudally…

… force and anterior shear at levels L4L5 and L5S1; multifidus, longissimus spinae, and rectus
abdominis muscle forces… the directions of the anterior axes of L5 and S1 is larger in RT1 (43 …

… inserted pressure transducer at L4–L5 disc, and inverse … Spinal muscles were not included
in the developed FE model… While the stresses in the lateral regions decreased in the L2–…

… suggest that a lumbar lordosis can reduce the hydrostatic … usually 30 mm anterior to the
geometric centre of the disc at the … Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity …

… ligament and disk characteristics for an MBS model of the … plane, positive and negative
lateral flexion and axial rotation … (seven bending directions times seven muscle groups) as well …

… of the reduction of muscle cross-sectional areas on muscle … include intervertebral disc
stiffness, ligaments, and muscle force–… for shear forces point to the anterior direction. b Predicted …

… ligament; latissimus dorsi, lateral to T-9 over the muscle belly; … balancing the internal moments
and lateral shear forces. The … , reduce disk deformation, ligament loading, and ultimately …

… muscle geometry over the full length of the lumbar spine. … to decrease its anterior moment
arm over the midlumbar region, … and lateral distances of muscle centroids from the disc centroid …

… force pair between the left and right fixator rods in lateral … , intervertebral disc, an equal
and opposite shear force pair in … force is probably the result of active trunk musculature and …