… will greatly promote the tumor immunology research. This review introduces the commonly
used 3D in vitro models that can remodel the immune microenvironment of tumors, compares …

… 3D culture systems could be further developed to (i) include … potentially influencing cancer
cell-immune system interaction, (ii) … Such advanced models will represent new tools for cancer …

… have yielded valuable insight into tumor–immune interactions 123 and incorporating them
with … is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.. …

… studying tumor-immune system interactions and testing immunotherapeutic agents. Intriguingly,
Coureau et al. recently exploited in vitro … relevant in vitro models to study cancer biology. …

… Recently the study of the immune system within the TME … at once, and therefore fail to fully
represent in vivo interactions. … the gold standard among the 3D in vitro models for the past 40–…

… This article aims to overview current 3D in vitro models of cancer … The latter attracts ECs
towards the cancer cells to form new … interactions occurring during tumour growth and invasion. …

… cellular composition of the tumor. In this review, we evaluate 3D cell models as tools for
research … , the search for new targets, and the optimization of existing cancer immunotherapies. …

… studies focused on novel in vitro models to investigate tumor … interactions, such as
tumor–endothelial and tumor–immune cell … Recently, the development of in vitro 3D …

… applied in the development of in vitro models that can bridge … -stroma interactions involving
extra cellular matrix or immune … is expected to affect the development of new cancer therapy. …

… in 3D in-vitro models and engineering approaches that have been used to study the interaction
of cancer … aimed at identifying new biological targets for diagnostics and therapeutics. …