… Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with evolving layers of complexity. It has long
been … In this Seminar, we review these complexities and challenges of Parkinson's disease. …

… It is characterised by the presence of severe pars-compacta nigral-cell loss, and accumulation
of aggregated α-synuclein in specific brain stem, spinal cord, and cortical regions. The …

… The damaged regions appear in red to illustrate the extent of the lesions which consistently
develop in the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Both diagrams show the pathways …

… box indicate the activity of the brain region as compared with the normal level of activity (Panel
A). Dashed lines and arrows indicate the dysfunctional nigrostriatal dopamine system in …

… Palsy,” James Parkinson described the core … disease after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although
more than a century passed before the central pathological feature of Parkinson's disease …

… Metabolic and functional abnormalities already occur in brain regions at early stages of
PD which are not accompanied by Lewy pathology [92,97] . This staging system often but not …

… ) and locus coeruleus (LC) and in nondegenerating brain regions in cases of Parkinson's
disease (PD) and appropriate healthy and disease controls. In PD and incidental Lewy body …

… mechanisms resulting in the parkinsonian movement disorder, and that the … these brain
regions which, like the striatum, suffer DAergic deafferentation in PD. From observations in brain …

… Regional transferrin and iron concentrations were generally more highly correlated (Pearson's
correlation coefficient) in elderly controls than in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. …

… RNA expression analysis of three brain regions (the SN, … brain regions in order to assess
areas that are primarily affected, secondarily affected, or more remote from the initial disease …