… to students aged 14–17 years old of six European cities (n = 10 526). Using multilevel mixed-…
a function of parental smoking and SE status. We tested whether the smoking association …

… We found that even when controlling for smoking in adolescents’ social environment,
parental education was significantly associated with SHS exposure. The social gradient in SHS …

… Potential confounders included age, sex, parental smoking status, country and family SES. …
influence on both smoking and personal income. Parental smoking status was assessed by …

… of six cities in Europe, we aimed to derive conclusions that may be applicable to the wider
European context. … In Model 4 the smoking behaviour of respondents and parents and the …

… This study is the first to provide evidence from a European country. The aim of this study was
to investigate how different stages of smoking were influenced by parental smoking, and at …

… in smoking in different European cities [19], but it also included variables on alcohol
consumption. The SILNE survey sample included 50 secondary schools from six European cities: …

… Most of the smoking parents smoked traditional tobacco cigarettes, with a mean number of
10 cigarettes/day, in agreement with national data (mean 11.6 cigarettes/day) (Ministero della …

… European study on 16 cities in 8 European countries, smoking was observed in 13% of bars
where smoking … may especially observe smoking by peers and parents smoke, who are …

… In each city, we aimed to … parental smoking status. This was somewhat supported by our
finding that homophily became statistically non-significant when controlling for parental smoking …

… European cities, we did not find evidence for lower smoking rates in schools with stronger
smoking policies (including smoke… and adolescent smoking, because parental smoking status …