Athletic activity may be associated with alterations in various neuroendocrine axes
depending on the state of energy availability. In addition, genetic factors and an underlying …

Context: Puberty is a crucial period of dramatic hormonal changes, accelerated growth,
attainment of reproductive capacity, and acquisition of peak bone mass. Participation in …

Young women have become increasingly active in athletics during the 20th century. Those
involved in sports that emphasize lean body type are at high risk for the development of …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is essential for adequate responses to
exercise and training both acutely and chronically. Both testosterone and estrogen play …

Low bone mass is frequent among female athletes. The “female athlete triad” is a term that
describes the interaction among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone …

Complex mechanisms exist in the human to defend against adverse effects of negative
energy balance. These include alterations of hormone secretion affecting the growth …

Women have become increasingly physically active in recent decades. While exercise
provides substantial health benefits, intensive exercise is also associated with a unique set …

Purpose Female athletes are known to be at risk for reproductive dysfunction and
osteopenia because of energy deficiency. Although endocrine balance and an optimal body …

The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationships among energy availability,
menstrual function, and bone mineral density, which may have clinical manifestations …

Low energy availability, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and low bone mineral density
are three interrelated conditions described in athletic women. Although described as the …