Employing a dynamic model of the railway wagon in three dimensions, this paper presents
the results of dynamic wheel–rail forces under the presence of track irregularities. A
mathematical model of the wagon system is developed using dynamic equations of the
components, taking into account the vertical (bounce), pitch and roll motions of the system.
The model examines the dynamics of the wagon system under arbitrary rail irregularities.
The spectra of rail surface irregularities are fed into the vehicle model to extract the time …