… Our results demonstrate that ramping dopamine signals are … dopamine signals can be
driven by a dynamic stimulus that indicates a gradual approach to a reward. We provide a unified …

… Together, these observations have led to the model that dopamine signals through
volume … First, dopamine release occurs on a millisecond timescale and has a high release …

… dopamine signals in the brain are consistent with RPEs rather than value. We provide a
unified … We provide a unified computational understanding of rapid phasic and slowly ramping …

… In summary, we demonstrate that dopamine signals across the striatum homogeneously
encode stimulus valence and prediction of motivational stimuli (of both positive and negative …

… Reinforcement learning models of the basal ganglia map the phasic dopamine signal to
reward prediction errors (RPEs). Conventional models assert that, when a stimulus predicts a …

… Reward or cue linked phasic dopamine signals can be mimicked using optogenetics to
affect learning and modulate conditioned responding 9,10 . However, not all aspects of …

… dopamine signals update an internal state transition and reward model, which then guides
behavior through … (which could potentially happen at fast timescales, in addition to slower trial-…

… We first focused on spontaneous DA signals in a dark chamber without external stimuli. To
test whether DA responses are globally synchronized, we compared fluorescence signals in …

… -based and model-free signals throughout the striatum to better … A unified framework for
dopamine signals across timescales … e25 This study argues that dopamine activity and release is …

… mesolimbic dopamine produced … dopamine signals to set an adaptive rate, not an error
signal, for behavioural policy learning. This work provides strong evidence that phasic dopamine …