A machine learning model is trained to predict pixel spacing, distance, and volumetric
measurements. Training images are obtained by inpainting around an original image and
scaling the inpainted image to obtain the training image having a different pixel spacing than
the original image. The machine learning model may include an encoder, a transformer, a
first TC layer, and a second TC layer. During training, loss may be obtained from a
comparison of the output to the first TC layer to a coarse pixel spacing matrix and a …