In the current study, an interactive approach is used to explore possible contributors to the
misattributions listeners make about female talker expression of confidence. To do this, the
expression and identification of confidence was evaluated through the evaluation of talker-
(eg, talker knowledge and affective acoustic modulation) and listener-specific factors (eg,
interaction between talker acoustic cues and listener knowledge). Talker and listener
contexts were manipulated by implementing a social constraint for talkers and withholding …