Modern society relies heavily on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology
for applications such as satellite communication, navigation, and positioning on the ground
and/or aviation in the troposphere/stratosphere. However, ionospheric scintillations can
severely impact GNSS systems and their related applications. In this study, a global
empirical ionospheric scintillation model is constructed with S4-index data obtained by the
FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) satellites during 2007–2014 (hereafter referred to as the …