Real-time prediction of smoke layer temperature and height of tunnel fires are crucial in
guiding emergency rescue. However, current fire simulation tools are often not able to
provide reliable modeling results due to poorly known input parameters and model errors.
Besides, fire modeling are subject to computer resources, for instance, fire modeling by
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools is often time-consuming. Moreover, sensors
located in tunnels can only detect certain physical quantities within a certain level of …