The complexity of real-world geophysical systems is often compounded by the fact that the
observed measurements depend on hidden variables. These latent variables include
unresolved small scales and/or rapidly evolving processes, partially observed couplings, or
forcings in coupled systems. This is the case in ocean–atmosphere dynamics, for which
unknown interior dynamics can affect surface observations. The identification of
computationally-relevant representations of such partially-observed and highly nonlinear …