The steady-state flow is examined for a car-following model in which the acceleration at time
t of a car attempting to follow a lead car is proportional to the relative velocity at a time t− Δ
and in which the sensitivity λ is no longer taken constant as in previous work but is inversely
proportional to the car spacing. The characteristics of the steady-state flow for this model are
described and compared with experimental data.

The conventional car-following theory is based on the assumption that vehicles will travel
along the center line of lanes. However, according to the field survey data, in complex traffic
conditions, a lateral separation between the leader and the follower frequently occurs.
Accordingly, by taking lateral separation into account, we redefined the equation of time-to-
collision (TTC) using visual angle information. Based on the stimulus-response framework,
TTC was introduced into the basic General Motors (GM) model as a stimulus, and a non …