Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is one of the key factors to limit the widespread application of electric vehicles, especially when compared to the rapid refueling of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. The electrode materials are most critical for fast charging, which performances under high-rate condition greatly affect the fast-charging capability of the batteries. This review summarizes the current progress of research and development in anode, cathode and electrolyte materials for fast-charging LIBs. On understanding the intrinsic structures and lithium storage mechanisms of the active materials, key challenges and strategies to achieve fast-charging capabilities are discussed, and the perspectives are presented.