The burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been increasing in Egypt with a
doubling in the incidence rate in the past 10 years. This has been attributed to several
biological (eg hepatitis B and C virus infection) and environmental factors (eg aflatoxin, AF).
Other factors such as cigarette smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals such as
pesticides, and endemic infections in the community, such as schistosomiasis, may have
additional roles in the etiology or progression of the disease. Estimates of the burden of …