At the time this book is published, the world is experiencing the most spectacular rate of technological developments ever seen in history. This scenario demands a continuous enhancement of engineering materials in order to obtain improved or new mechanical, electrical or, in a more comprehensive sense, thermo-physical properties. Technological achievements usually rely on previous scientific developments and give support to engineering needs. Thus, we can talk of engineering tailored materials (ETM) or advanced engineering materials (AEM), which include the former. This book presents 14 chapters centered in AEMs, covering subjects such as new manufacturing processes or aspects of their computational modeling, optimization procedures aimed at the obtainment of tailored properties, and computational modeling of constitutive behavior. In particular, the book is divided into four different parts: Part I—Micro and Nanoscale Modeling (3 chapters), Part II—Biological Tissues (4 chapters), Part III—Porous and Multiphase Materials (4 chapters) and Part IV—Polymers (3 chapters). The contributions belong to researchers from nine countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Poland, and Spain.