Constraints on climate and habitability for Earth-like exoplanets determined from a general circulation model
The Astrophysical Journal, 2017•iopscience.iop.org
Conventional definitions of habitability require abundant liquid surface water to exist
continuously over geologic timescales. Water in each of its thermodynamic phases interacts
with solar and thermal radiation and is the cause for strong climatic feedbacks. Thus,
assessments of the habitable zone require models to include a complete treatment of the
hydrological cycle over geologic time. Here, we use the Community Atmosphere Model from
the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study the evolution of climate for an Earth …
continuously over geologic timescales. Water in each of its thermodynamic phases interacts
with solar and thermal radiation and is the cause for strong climatic feedbacks. Thus,
assessments of the habitable zone require models to include a complete treatment of the
hydrological cycle over geologic time. Here, we use the Community Atmosphere Model from
the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study the evolution of climate for an Earth …
Abstract
Conventional definitions of habitability require abundant liquid surface water to exist continuously over geologic timescales. Water in each of its thermodynamic phases interacts with solar and thermal radiation and is the cause for strong climatic feedbacks. Thus, assessments of the habitable zone require models to include a complete treatment of the hydrological cycle over geologic time. Here, we use the Community Atmosphere Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study the evolution of climate for an Earth-like planet at constant CO 2, under a wide range of stellar fluxes from F-, G-, and K-dwarf main sequence stars. Around each star we find four stable climate states defined by mutually exclusive global mean surface temperatures (T s); snowball (T s≤ 235 K), waterbelt (235 K≤ T s≤ 250 K), temperate (275 K≤ T s≤ 315 K), and moist greenhouse (T s≥ 330 K). Each is separated by abrupt climatic transitions. Waterbelt, temperate, and cooler moist greenhouse climates can maintain open-ocean against both sea ice albedo and hydrogen escape processes respectively, and thus constitute habitable worlds. We consider the warmest possible habitable planet as having T s∼ 355 K, at which point diffusion limited water-loss could remove an Earth ocean in∼ 1 Gyr. Without long timescale regulation of non-condensable greenhouse species at Earth-like temperatures and pressures, such as CO 2, habitability can be maintained for an upper limit of∼ 2.2,∼ 2.4, and∼ 4.7 Gyr around F-, G-, and K-dwarf stars respectively, due to main sequence brightening.
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