Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a penetrating or blunt traumatic injury disrupts the
normal function of the brain. 1 In the United States, TBI annually affects over 1.7 million
people, resulting in approximately 224,000 hospitalizations and 61,000 deaths, although the
exact incidence is unknown. 2–5 Furthermore, nearly 3 million US residents are living with
mild to severe long-term disability from TBI, with symptoms such as headache, depression,
cognitive impairment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and visual disturbances. 6, 7 The …