… the decentralized leadership and the soft budget problem. We develop a simple decentralized
leadership … The difference between soft budget and decentralized leadership lies that the …

… ; this is referred to as the “central leadership” (CL) model. In the other situation, the order of
moves is inverted; this is known as the “decentralized leadership” (DL) model. Toy examples …

… When fiscal power is decentralized, local officials facing soft budget constraints have an
incentive to overspend and overborrow. Mounting local government debts can result in a fiscal …

… In the face of growing urbanization, government leaders in this large urban area were
struggling to meet increased service demands without dramatically increasing property taxes or …

… to note that under soft centralization, at the provincial level, the QTSB has decentralized
leadership … system, a local unit receives its minimal base budget through its bianzhi allocations, …

… on their debt obligations when due; meet financial obligations to their employees, … soft
budget constraints, or bailouts. Indeed, fiscal decentralization might actually make soft budget …

… their relevance to effective planning and budgeting in a decentralized context. The first
potential hazard is really a suggestion that the benefits of decentralization in a developing context …

… about the potential drawbacks of decentralization. In Norway, … proportion of total costs being
met by supplementary funding. … to the degree of soft budgeting, the relationship between …

… ad hoc grants and maintaining a soft budget restriction for regional spending. Such an …
Certainly, not all of the sixty-three countries engaged in decentralization reforms meet these …

… Fiscal decentralization is likely to entail a bias in the budget … in order to meet the intertemporal
budget constraint. Again, … in a completely decentralized budget process both spending …