Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and peptidoglycans (PepG) are major components of the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria that trigger inflammatory responses in vitro. To study the in vivo effects of LTA and PepG from Staphylococcus aureus in lungs and to determine the role of interleukin (IL)-6 herein, these compounds were intranasally administered to IL-6 gene deficient (IL-6^−/−) and wild type (IL-6^+/+) mice. In IL-6^+/+ mice, LTA and PepG induced acute pulmonary inflammation in a dose-dependent way, characterized by neutrophilic influx and IL-6 production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Endogenously produced IL-6 attenuated inflammation induced by 10 μg LTA, as reflected by enhanced neutrophil influx, and increased tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1-α, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC) release into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of IL-6^−/− mice, compared with IL-6^+/+ mice. By contrast, pulmonary inflammation induced by 100 μg LTA was similar (neutrophil influx) or even tended to be attenuated (cytokine and chemokine release) in IL-6^−/− mice. Endogenous IL-6 increased inflammation induced by PepG, as reflected by decreased neutrophil influx into lungs of IL-6^−/− mice, compared with IL-6^+/+ mice. These data suggest that IL-6 plays an anti-inflammatory role during LTA-induced pulmonary inflammation, which is dependent on the severity of the inflammatory challenge, and a proinflammatory role in peptidoglycan-induced acute lung inflammation. Thus, the contribution of IL-6 to lung inflammation may vary with the stimulus used.