In recent years, the control of ionic currents has come to be recognized as one of the most
important issues related to the efficient transport of single molecules and microparticles in
aqueous solutions. However, the complicated liquid flows that are usually induced by
applying electric potentials have made it difficult to address a number of unsolved problems
in this area. In particular, the nonequilibrium phenomena that occur in electrically non-
neutral fields must be more thoroughly understood. Herein, we report on the development of …