3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a key building block for value-added chemicals. A biological route for synthesizing this molecule is two-step enzymatic reactions; dehydration of glycerol to 3-hydroxypropanal (3-HPA) by glycerol dehydratase and then oxidation of 3-HPA to 3-HP by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Here, we report an aldehyde dehydrogenase, an engineered α-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase (KGSADH) from Azospirillum brasilense. The variant, named 2C10, was obtained by applying a large KGSADH library to a selection method based on a 3-HP-responsive transcription factor and then a screening method for observing the activities of individual clones. 2C10 exhibited a 4.65-fold higher catalytic activity (k_cat/K_m: 100 ± 7.1 s⁻¹mM⁻¹) toward 3-HPA than the wild-type enzyme. The flask culture of Pseudomonas denitrificans with 2C10 resulted in an approximately 30% increase in 3-HP titer (43.2 mM) compared with that obtained using wild-type KGSADH (33.1 mM). Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that compared to the wild-type enzyme, 2C10 has a less flexible and smaller binding pocket for aldehyde substrates.