Extracellular vesicles in cancer—implications for future improvements in cancer care

R Xu, A Rai, M Chen, W Suwakulsiri… - Nature reviews Clinical …, 2018 - nature.com
Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 2018nature.com
The sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells depend upon bidirectional
cell–cell communication within complex tissue environments. Such communication
predominantly involves the secretion of soluble factors by cancer cells and/or stromal cells
within the tumour microenvironment (TME), although these cell types have also been shown
to export membrane-encapsulated particles containing regulatory molecules that contribute
to cell–cell communication. These particles are known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and …
Abstract
The sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells depend upon bidirectional cell–cell communication within complex tissue environments. Such communication predominantly involves the secretion of soluble factors by cancer cells and/or stromal cells within the tumour microenvironment (TME), although these cell types have also been shown to export membrane-encapsulated particles containing regulatory molecules that contribute to cell–cell communication. These particles are known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and include species of exosomes and shed microvesicles. EVs carry molecules such as oncoproteins and oncopeptides, RNA species (for example, microRNAs, mRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs), lipids, and DNA fragments from donor to recipient cells, initiating profound phenotypic changes in the TME. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs have crucial roles in cancer development, including pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis. Cancer cells are now recognized to secrete more EVs than their nonmalignant counterparts, and these particles can be isolated from bodily fluids. Thus, EVs have strong potential as blood-based or urine-based biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognostication, and surveillance of cancer. In this Review, we discuss the biophysical properties and physiological functions of EVs, particularly their pro-metastatic effects, and highlight the utility of EVs for the development of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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