Aprotic Li–O2 battery is an exciting concept. The enormous theoretical energy density and
cell assembly simplicity make this technology very appealing. Nevertheless, the instability of
the cell components, such as cathode, anode, and electrolyte solution during cycling, does
not allow this technology to be fully commercialized. One of the intrinsic challenges facing
researchers is the use of lithium metal as an anode in Li–O2 cells. The high activity toward
chemical moieties and lack of control of the dissolution/deposition processes of lithium metal …