The downfall of the Soviet Union induced an extraordinary social and economic transition in the Central Asian countries. Although women in Central Asia had achieved substantial improvements in their economic and social well-being during the later Soviet years, this progress was inverted in several cases after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The reverse shift can be partially explained by the economic transitions experienced by the countries in that region, private sector development, substantial migration flows and, to some degree, a reinforcement of patriarchal traditions. This chapter examines the current situation and the dynamics of gender inequality, as measured by a few different indexes in four countries of Central Asia. It also estimates the gender differences in subjective well-being in these countries. The comparative analysis is followed by a discussion of the reasons for inequality in the region, along with policy recommendations for achieving inclusive growth and women’s empowerment.