Neural crest cells (NCC) are stem cells that generate different lineages, including
neuroendocrine, melanocytic, cartilage and bone. The differentiation potential of NCC varies
according to the level from which cells emerge along the neural tube. For example, only
anterior “cranial” NCC form craniofacial bone, whereas solely posterior “trunk” NCC
contribute to sympathoadrenal cells. Importantly, the isolation of human fetal NCC carries
ethical and scientific challenges, as NCC induction typically occur before pregnancy is …