… family-based designs can be utilized to partition genetic effects into parental and offspring
components and subsequently estimate the causal effect of maternal exposures on offspring …

… Family-based study designs are potentially robust to many of these sources of bias because
the random inheritance of DNA from parents to offspring will ensure that conditional on …

… Mendelian randomization analyses unbiased by population structure and family effects. We
integrate … methods using unrelated individuals and family-based designs, we investigate two …

… Either population-based or family-based designs can be used in … -based designs use unrelated
individuals; family-based designs … Family-based designs can be extended to incorporate …

… Family-based designs are not a panacea for disentangling … impact of incorporating
family-based biobank samples into … between traits using Mendelian randomization 45,63 . Biased …

… This chapter focuses on family‐based designs. We describe … statistic will not incorporate
information about transmissions to … To incorporate unaffected individuals into the test statistic, we …

… findings and remained competitive with family-based approaches even under confounded …
in the subsection “MR-Twin test statistic incorporating external weights”). To perform a test, we …

… We review family-based designs that can separate the … We highlight that the family-based
designs that can separate the … These designs do not integrate genomic data. (For additional …

… and through simulations show that family-based methods can … We integrate these approaches
in a modular fashion … the studies using different Mendelian randomization designs. A: SNP-…

… Of note, this review focuses primarily on ways Mendelian randomization can be used to
inform the design of the more usual superiority trial. Finally, the desired level of statistical power …